An Internet service provider associated with online crime and child pornography briefly came back online over the weekend before being cut off again, according to security vendors.

McColo, whose servers are in San Jose, California, was cut off from the Internet last week by its upstream providers after an investigation by computer security analysts and the Washington Post.

But McColo came back online on Saturday after connecting with Swedish ISP (Internet service provider) TeliaSonera, which has a router in San Jose, according to Ross Thomas, writing on the blog for security vendor Sophos.

After complaints, TeliaSonera quickly moved to cut off McColo again, Thomas wrote. But the brief renewal in connectivity did allow cybercriminals running botnets out of McColo's networks to take steps to preserve their operations.

McColo has been identified as hosting the command-and-control servers for no less than five large botnets that are responsible for the majority of the world's spam. When McColo dropped offline, analysts found that spam levels dropped up to 75 percent.

Spam takes a heavy toll on IT infrastructure, consuming bandwidth and potentially exposing users to malicious software.

When McColo came back online, it appeared the hackers who controlled the command-and-control servers for a botnet called Rustock moved the controls for that botnet to a data center in Russia, according to the blog for security vendor FireEye.

"We believe that the Rustock controllers don't expect McColo to be very stable in the near future, so they are hedging their bets and moving the C&Cs to a different provider," according to FireEye.

Those PCs infected with malicious software that enables the computer to be part of the Rustock botnet were also at least partially updated. The update would allow the computers to report to the new Russian command-and-control server to receive orders.

Since McColo was only online for a short period, "there's no way that the whole botnet was updated, but no doubt they got a good-sized piece," FireEye said.

Security analysts have predicted that spam levels will rise again as hackers who used McColo move their operations to other ISPs that are willing to protect spammers and other criminal enterprises, such as those who sells bogus security software or pharmaceuticals.

"Rustock is estimated to be capable of sending 30 billion spams per day," Thomas wrote. "How big an increase we'll see depends largely on the number of zombie PCs the botnet's controller was able to reach during McColo's temporary resurrection."